ARCHAEOLOGY VERSUS BIBLE TRUTH

BUT IT AIN’T NECESSARILY SO

ACT OF GOD REVIEWED

HISTORICAL PROBLEMS

SHIPRAH AND PUSH

NUMBERS 14 AND ITS GRAVE PROBLEM

JOSEPH AND JERICHO

SOLOMON

Christianity and Judaism claim to be historical faiths. Christianity cannot have any credibility if events mentioned in the Bible such as the exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt to Israel or the resurrection of Jesus Christ never happened. Jews accept the former as true but reject the latter so Judaism dismisses Christianity as fantasy and rejects its claim to be historical. Archaeology has always suspected that the Bible contains many lies and with today’s advanced technology it has got no discouragement in its scepticism.

BUT IT AIN’T NECESSARILY SO

It Ain’t Necessarily So, Investigating the Truth of the Biblical Past, Matthew Sturgis, Headline Books, London, 2001

This book cannot be recommended enough. It explores the most up to date archaeological evidence that the Bible contains much that is untrue.

The Bible claim that the Israelites were not Canaanites has been disproven (page 8, 111-113). The conquest of Canaan as spelled out in the Bible where Joshua led the people of Israel to successful war against Canaan is likewise false (page 8). The shared DNA between Israelites and Palestinians today may point to a common origin in Canaan (page 11). Israel means fighter for El and is a Canaanite word (page 117). El was top Canaanite god and Israel had been worshipping Yahweh and his wife Asherah in the 8^th century BC (page 13, 117). The list of Edomite kings in Genesis 36 makes the error of naming kings who lived long after Moses which conflicts with tradition that Moses wrote Genesis (page 22). Jericho was destroyed 150 years before the coming of Joshua. The story from the Bible that he destroyed it is false (page 62). There is no evidence that the city was even occupied at the time of Joshua (page 64). “Almost everyone” agrees that the Jericho story from the Bible is false (page 64). Worse, Canaan at the time was very likely to be a province of Egypt at the time (page 69). It even had unwalled cities, so sure were the people that Egypt always be able to protect them. Cuneiform tablets from those times discovered in 1889 give proof that Egypt stepped in to look after Canaan and restore stability (page 69). This refutes the Bible claim that Israel escaped slavery from Egypt by going to Canaan and that it fought the Canaanites in Canaan not the Egyptians. The Israelites after they left Egypt are supposed to have settled for a while at Kadesh but not a shred of evidence for this has been uncovered (page 72). The story of the Exouds from Egypit and the conquest of Canaan by Joshua is pure myth for most scholars (page 74). Even the Holy City, Jerusalem, its name comes from the Canaanite god, Shalem (page 137).

King David was one of the central characters in the Bible and Jesus, according to the New Testament, claimed he was a David and his successor as King and his descendant. Hardly anything indicating that David ever lived has ever been found and items thought to back up the Bible account have been re-ascribed by scholars (page 145). He had a rags to riches existence in the Bible. His grand capital city Jerusalem was merely a small village (page 146). The Bible lies that it was his splendid royal headquarters. The presence of the Philistines and the poor evidence for David in comparison has led many scholars to doubt the existence of David (page 159). An inscription speaking of the house of David about 100 years after David’s time is used by some as evidence for the existence of David (page 164). Many scholars think that the inscription is speaking of a placename not the house of David. Another inscription is disputed as well. Scholars by guessing the missing letters have worked out that they think it refers to the house of David as well (page 169).

The Bible boasts and brags about the great buildings and super-weatlh and great alliances of King Solomon and yet the evidence for all this so bad that at the present time unless new evidence comes up Solomon must be taken for a myth (page 207).

That God failed to preserve archaeological evidence very well for his Bible surely says that it is the word of man not God?

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ACT OF GOD REVIEWED

The popular book, An Act of God, was written by Graham Phillips.

It argues that the narrative of the plagues of Egypt and the Israelites crossing over the sea are true. Thankfully, it does not say that these events are miracles but quite the opposite.

The book says that the Thera eruption that destroyed the mythical land of Atlantis caused a huge fallout cloud that made Egypt dark for three days (Exodus 10:22).

The plague of the hail is interpreted as a hail of debris from the explosion. This happened after Krakatoa blew itself to bits. The plague of the boils is interrupted as being due to the acid in the fallout. The volcano would have thrown iron oxide all around Egypt which rusts in the water and turns it read and kills the fish. This is Phillip’s explanation for the plague of the water becoming “blood” and the fish dying.

The problem with this is that the Bible puts the plagues in different chronological order. And pellets of hardened lava are not the same as hailstones. And the Bible says the water was not just turned red by some pollutant but really became blood. The Egyptians would have known if the water was not really blood. This was a miracle because the water in people’s houses turned to blood too (7:19).

It is wrong to say that the tenth plague which took the lives of the firstborn of Egypt was not a miracle (page 311). What kind of natural plague kills only the oldest?

It is good that we are told that the parting of the Red Sea is not in the Bible for Yam Suph means Sea of Reeds and is not the Red Sea. The Israelites could have walked through it for in that case it would be shallow. It might be objected that the Egyptians could not have drowned in shallow waters but a tidal wave could have caused a sudden flood. I think the walls of water mentioned in the Bible could have been the waves which were seen coming as the Israelites were emerging from the sea. This must be right for suppose the Hollywood image of the people walking through a deep sea with water held back miraculously so that it forms a wall on each side were correct, the Egyptians would not have followed them into the sea. It would have seemed obvious to them that the God of Israel would do anything to guard his people from the threat Egypt posed. They would have known it would be too risky to go in the gap after Israel had passed through. Pharaoh had a hard heart but no king ever gets away with being too unreasonable. If what happened at the sea is a miracle then we have another ridiculous miracle.

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HISTORICAL PROBLEMS

Bible critics have mostly believed that certain events recorded in the Bible never happened and that some of the characters in it never existed.

The existence of Adam and Eve was denied because it was thought that having two first parents would have forced the human race to propagate itself by dangerous incest. Evolution disposed of Adam and Eve forever. The Bible says that each species God made in the Garden of Eden reproduced after its own kind which contradicts evolution which requires creatures to evolve from simple life forms.

The existence of Abraham was denied for it was thought that his story did not fit the period in which he would have lived and because some of that story seemed to have been embellished.

It was thought that there were no Philistines or Hittites around in patriarchal times.

The existence of the naughty cities of Sodom and Gomorrah was denied.

The conquest of Canaan under Joshua was denied.

The existence of Darius in the Book of Daniel was denied.

The census by Quirinius recorded in Luke is still unproven. It was not likely that a census that would require a pregnant woman like Mary or indeed anybody at all to go to the city of her roots ever happened.

The existence of Pontius Pilate was denied or doubted until his name was found carved in stone.

The court where Jesus was tried before Pilate, the Pavement was allegedly recently discovered.

Would these and the other things that were denied until they were found to be true have been allowed to fall into oblivion by a good and trustworthy God? Would a God who requires faith permit the evidence for the trustworthiness of his revelation to be lost even for a day? Without it we have reason to mistrust his book. There is no other way we can prove the Bible except by combing it with an archaeologist’s and historian’s comb for we can’t just assume that the supernatural stuff which is unverifiable by nature is true. (Yes, I know once they have done that that it is up to philosophers to run the next battery of tests.) The fundamentalists howl in triumph when history is apparently found to deny what the sceptics say and supports them but they should hang their heads in shame for that. It is downright crazy to say, “The Bible must be a true revelation from God when it is historically accurate”, for it is the spiritual and moral teachings that are important and you cannot prove they are accurate.

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SHIPRAH AND PUSH

Exodus 1 says that Pharaoh commanded the Hebrew midwives, Shiprah and Push to murder any newborn baby boys they delivered. They agreed. The killing had to be secret and done just after the baby was born so that nothing would be suspected. They became tardy to avoid killing baby boys so that by the time they would have arrived it would be too late to murder them for they were already in their cots. Pharaoh got suspicious and they said that Hebrew women gave birth too fast.

This is an impossible story.

Israel numbered about two million people so more than two midwives would have been needed. The Encyclopaedia of Bible Difficulties (page 109-110) claims that they would have had many assistants. There would have been no point in Pharaoh telling these two women to kill boys if there were lots of midwives. If he told them he would have told the rest too. And then nobody would have the midwives about their houses at all for many of them would blab about what Pharaoh has asked them to do. The idea of such a top-secret being known to too many people is ludicrous therefore when Exodus says that these two ladies were told to kill it must mean it and that there was nobody else. It really expects us to believe that two women could assist at all the Israelite births! Why mention two if there were more than two? The answer is that there were only two.

And Pharaoh would have suspected them of trying to avoid keeping their murderous promise when they were habitually late and when no babies had been done away. Who would believe that all the women gave birth too fast? Shiprah and Push would have been put to death in no time. And why didn’t Pharaoh just send his men to kill the boys? Israel was no match for Egypt for it was enslaved so he had nothing to fear. He would have been sure that what he asked was done if he had. A cynical king would have been more careful.

The women would have had to kill a few babies to convince Pharaoh which would have destroyed their reputation for sooner or later they would get found out and word would spread.

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NUMBERS 14 AND ITS GRAVE PROBLEM

The Bible says that almost the entire generation of Israel that left Egypt died during the forty years trek through the wilderness in Numbers 14. Israel did not cremate but buried the people.

The problem is that there are no remains of these people in the region. The Encyclopaedia of Bible Difficulties contends that because Israel was nomadic it would have buried the dead in shallow graves in sand and gravel. And wild animals would have scraped the bodies up. Skeletons would soon be worn down and finally scraped away by sand and gravel if they became exposed to the abrasive action of the sand and gravel carried in the wind.

But Israel was a large nation and could easily have taken the time to bury the dead properly and good and deep. Indeed, it would have done that for the Hebrews stressed family life and decent burials. The cleanness laws would have made them reluctant to just throw some sand on a corpse and move on. They had to be put down deep. Not being buried was a taboo so they would have taken great care to make sure that the corpses could not be distributed. They would have buried them far down under a layer of rocks covered up with sand and gravel so that no wild beast could dig them up and have a feast and to protect them from the wind.

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JOSEPH AND JERICHO

This is a study of David M. Rohl’s volume, A Test of Time, The Bible from Myth to History.

He claims that the tomb of Joseph – the Joseph of Genesis – was found in Tell ed-Daba, Egypt in 1987.

There was no body in it. The Bible says that Joseph was taken away by Moses.

A statue was found and it was decided that this was a religious statue of Joseph to which sacrifices and prayers were made. The head was badly disfigured due to desecration.

The statue is of a vizier – which was Joseph’s role. He holds a throw-stick which shows he was a foreigner. Joseph was not a native of Egypt but Israel.

And the man wears a coat of many colours like Joseph’s famous coat.

Now there is no evidence that this man was Joseph. The image of the statue in the book shows a coat of four colours not many. And Joseph would not be wearing that coat of many colours for he got it when he was a boy and was kidnapped in it and it was wrenched off dipped in animal blood and taken back to his father to make him think Joseph was dead.

There is just a part of the alleged throw-stick in the right shoulder of the statue meaning that it could be anything else. The coffin of Ramesses II shows a strange prominent strip sticking out of his headdress which makes interpretation difficult for the alleged stick on the statue. And the statue is unusual with a mushroom style of red hair.

If the Egyptians really honoured and preserved Joseph’s statue would they have let Moses take the body? The grave was certainly robbed making it clear that the only way the body got out was by being stolen but not by Israel who would have been the first suspects which would have meant that the body would have been recovered by the Egyptians.

The Bible says that Joshua and his men circled the walled city of Jericho with the Ark and they miraculously fell. The book of Joshua, however, does not say that it was the kind of miracle that makes blood come out of a communion wafer. But the result of the miracle was the merciless slaughter of the citizens including children.

A curse from the Lord was evilly put on the person who would rebuild the city by God through Joshua. It was promised that the person’s firstborn son would die where the foundations would be and his youngest son would be buried where the gates are.

On page 301, we read that it was found that the wall had collapsed in places in 1907 by Professor Garstang. It was a mud brick wall. But in 1952 it was found by Dame Kenyon that this wall belong to the Early Bronze age. Because of this it was thought that the falling walls story was untrue for it was believed that the walls fell before Israel would have appeared there in the Late Bronze age. The scholars put the Israelite Conquest in the Late Bronze Age but Kenyon proved that there was no big city of Jericho in that time. Rohl solves these problems with a new chronology that he proposes. He says that the Conquest took place in the Middle Bronze Age and says that Kenyon’s research for that period supports the historicity of the falling walls story of Joshua.

But later we read that weathering has left only a little of the Middle Bronze Age wall to go on (page 303). There was a slope built along the wall so if the wall fell it would have tumbled down the slope into the trench. Kenyon found reddish earth that she assumed must have been was what was left of the wall. And there was evidence that the city had been burned.

Joshua 3:15 says that the attack took place during harvest time and Garstang found jars of grain in the ruins. There was no evidence of wounding from the skeletons which Rohl thinks may have been due to a plague spread by the Israelites (Numbers 25).

Why were no Israelite artefacts found? They must have put some of the people to the sword so there would have been something left.

The walls could have fell on their own when they disintegrated into earth for they were weak by nature.

Where are the blackened bones?

Where are the skeletons that would have been the signs of people slain in battle?

Israel would not have removed the corpses for the Law forbade that – corpses, pagan ones especially - were thought to be dirty.

And people keep grain all year around.

The people of Jericho could have been struck by plague and thoroughly incinerated the dead – the skeletons were just buried by the people were not infected - and then they burned the city. The fire caused the wall to collapse. This is the most reasonable hypothesis and explains why there are not many bones. Bodies are hard to burn so if they do not exist then it shows that special attention was taken to disposing of them. The odds are stacked against the Bible’s story of what happened.

The best book to read on the subject of Bible archaeology proving that the Bible is false is The Bible Unearthed by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman.

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SOLOMON

Chapter 8 of Rohl’s book claims to verify what is said about Solomon in the Bible.

Solomon has been placed by most experts at a point in the Iron Age in which archaeology contradicts the Bible which speaks of Solomon’s staggering wealth and more sophisticated life-style. Rohl shoves him into another period, the closing century of the Late Bronze Age. Archaeology has shown that there was tremendous political wealth then.

And Solomon married Pharaoh’s daughter which is said to explain the Egyptian influence on architecture design in his country.

The Millo of Solomon, a stone terracing system in the City of David was said in the Bible to have been dug by Solomon. Pottery was found in it that dated it to the Bronze Age. The terraces were filled with rubble and rubble is likely to contain such pieces anyway so there is no proof that Solomon could have built the terrace no matter what Rohl says. There would have been scavengers and builders at the rubble explaining how the pieces of pottery got there. Old Potter was often used to make houses look nicer.

The Bible says that Solomon built a palace for the daughter of Pharaoh at the City of David.

Egyptian artefacts were found in the ruins which Rohl says were once this great palace.

But Rohl admits that it might not be a palace at all (page 183). The Bible says that the palace overlooked the City of David.

The Bible says that the reason it was built was because Solomon did not want a woman living in his own palace where the Ark of God had been.

The Bible claims that Solomon was incredibly wise. He would not have given his wife a palace reflecting Egyptian culture. A statue of a woman with a snake, the sign of wisdom, was found in the ruins so she was certainly an idol. We can take it that when the Bible says that Solomon was wise that the Egyptian style palace of the Egyptian princess did not exist. The bigoted Israelites hated anything pagan so Solomon had to be discreet. He might have went over to paganism later in life but he had to be discreet.

Rohl wonders if an ivory panel that could have once been part of a chair depicts Solomon and his Egyptian spouse. This is impossible for Solomon would not have dressed like a Pharaoh. The Bible says that there were lions on each side of Solomon’s throne. On the panel there are not lions but winged lions with human heads, the sphinxes. They were idols. Is it likely that the Bible would call such creatures lions? Monsters would have been the preferred description. And the sun shines over the horses implying that the sun is a god. The panel does not picture Solomon.

The evidence that the Bible is wrong or unprovable if it is not seems strongest. When Solomon cannot fit into the rich Bronze-Age period he can fit into none.

The 2001 TV series on ITV, Gospel Truth presented by John Mc Carthy has disproved most of the major claims of the Old Testament. The title sequence of the programme quoted the prophet Jeremiah saying that the priests had corrupted the text of the Law of Moses, the supposed word of God, and put lies in it. One of the claims refuted was that Solomon was so wealthy. Modern archaeology tends to believe that Israel did not come out of Egypt and take over the Holy Land by invasion but just grew out of the people of Canaan. No evidence for the Exodus from Egypt as described in the Bible has ever been uncovered. Anyway the fact that Israel’s pottery and script is so similar to the Canaanite design proves that Israel was born in Canaan especially when the Law of Moses was so determined to see any influence from the people of Canaan who were pagan destroyed.

Israel Finkelstein who directs the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Tel Aviv says that the fancy city of Jerusalem that the Bible says King David had was nothing more than a village in David’s day and not the great city of an Empire that the Bible would have us think. He claims that many structures that are attributed to Solomon were built after Solomon’s time so he denies that the Bible story of Solomon’s fabulous wealth and the glory he brought to his kingdom is true. Finkelstein says there is no evidence for the united monarchy that the Bible says existed under David and Solomon. Do a search for and read the website The Bible, as History, Flunks New Archaeological Tests.

Conclusion

The Bible just demands too much faith. There is no evidence that many of its historical claims are true at all and it expects to be revered as truth itself!

THE WWW

Creationism

This shows that the prime creationist apologist Duane Gish has been corrected many times for his errors and misunderstandings of his subject and has still repeated the same errors afterwards to make his case look good. He is perverting the evidence purposely. He has been known to make up quotations for the authorities he cites as evidence. He lies to prove that the skeleton Lucy which shows a transition between animal to man was just a monkey and could not walk upright. Both of his claims are false.

http://mypage.direct.ca/w/writer/gish.html

Dennis Mc Kinsey, Biblical Errancy

http://members.aol.com/darrwin2/iss171.html

Argues against the Fundamentalist claim that when the book of Leviticus says that the life is in the blood it was stating an unknown scientific fact and showing that the book was written by God. McKinsey says that since the context of this verse is about sacrifice to God it means spiritual life or holiness is in the blood and is not on about physical life. This page gives some excellent criticisms of the fantasies and lies of Henry Morris and the Institute of Creation Research. It is obvious that the fact that the Institute of Creation Research could not possibly be called scientific though it claims that label as its bedrock next the Bible for you cannot prove something as odd as creation. Creation is something coming out of nothing and who is to say that something just as bizarre as this and something that we cannot even think of is not the reason why things exist? Creation is an assumption and the idea of a God making a creation that is not part of him is incoherent. If there was only God and God is his power and God is infinite (infinite means God has all power and no power exists that isn’t his) and it takes infinite power to put something where nothing was then it follows that far from creating God just metamorphosed himself into the cosmos so that Morris and me and everybody else is God.

Science in the Bible? Dr M Magee

www.askwhy.co.uk/truth/440BibleScience.html

Why It’s a Load of Old Cobblers, Adrian Barnett

www.abarnett.demon.co.uk/atheism/noahs_ark.html

Exposes the utter absurdity of the Noah’s Ark story in the Bible

The Bible as History Flunks New Archaeological Tests

www.10.nytimes.com/library/arts/072900david-bible.html

Talk.Origins archive - presenting the mainstream scientific viewpoint of the Creation/Evolution controversy.

Artificial Life Online

NCSE - science/evolution resources for Teachers.

Many evolution and musuem links

The Virtual Library on evolution

Radio Carbon Dating

Skeptic's Dictionary

sci.skeptic newsgroup FAQ - good intro to skepticism

Massive evolution resource page

The Hawaiian Islands, creation science and the age of the Earth

Thorough demolition of Creationism - well worth a look.

The Geologic Column

Hydrologic sorting

Online dictionary of geology

In-depth analysis of the Noah's Ark myth

Debunking Creationism

Polonium haloes problem. It's just Radon 222 after all.

Plate tectonics / continental drift

The Lost Diaries of Noah

Facts about Koala Bears - They were on the Ark? Yeah, right...

Dr. Hovind debunked (not difficult)

Oldest living thing on the planet - Mojave Desert creosote plant, estimated at 12,000 years old, ( 6,000 years before alleged Creation, and still going strong. Oh no - Genesis is not a science book! )

Bristlecone Pines - almost the oldest living things on the planet, and an unbroken history dating back at least 9,000 years (3,000 years before the alleged Creation)

Ice core hotlist

GISP2 Ice Core sample dating back 110,000 years (104,000 years before the alleged Creation)

The receding moon problem sorted out.

The incredible age of coral reefs.

Excellent article calculating the size and age of the universe.

Index of Creationism and Pseudo Science

Suspicious Creationist Credentials

BOOKS CONSULTED

A Summary of Christian Doctrine, Louis Berkhof, The Banner of Truth Trust, London, 1971

A Test of Time, David Rohl, Century, London, 1995

Alleged Discrepancies of the Bible, John W Haley, Whitaker House, Pennsylvania, Undated

An Act of God, Graham Philips, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1998

Answers to Tough Questions, Josh McDowell and Don Stewart, Scripture Press Bucks, 1988

Attack on the Bible, John R Rice, Sword of the Lord, Murfreesboro, 1965

Belief and Make-Believe, GA Wells, Open Court, La Salle, Illinois, 1991

Biblical Dictionary and Concordance, New American Bible, Living Word Edition, CD Stanley Enterprises, North Carolina, 1971

Biblical Exegesis and Church Doctrine, Raymond E Brown, Paulist Press, New York, 1985

But the Bible Does Not Say So, Rev Roberto Nisbet, Church Book Room Press, London, 1966

Catholicism and Christianity, Cecil John Cadoux, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1928

Catholicism and Fundamentalism, Karl Keating, Ignatius Press, San Francisco, 1988

Creation and Evolution, Dr Alan Hayward, Triangle, London, 1994

Does the Bible Contradict Itself? Radio Bible Class, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1986

Encyclopaedia of Bible Difficulties, Gleason W Archer, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1982

Essentials, David L Edwards and John Stott, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990

Evidence that Demands a Verdict, Vol 1, Josh McDowell, Alpha, Scripture Press Foundation, Bucks, 1995

Free Inquiry, Fall 1998, Vol 18, No 4, Council for Secular Humanism, Amherst, New York

God and the Human Condition, F J Sheed, Sheed & Ward, London, 1967

God Cannot Lie, David Alsobrook, Diasozo Trust, Kent, 1989

God, Science and Evolution, Prof E H Andrews, Evangelical Press, Herts, 1985

God’s Word, Final Infallible and Forever, Floyd C McElveen, Gospel Truth Ministries, Grand Rapids, 1985

Hard Sayings, Derek Kidner, InterVarsity Press, London, 1972

How and Why Catholic and Protestant Bibles Differ, Carolyn Osiek, RSCJ and Donald Senior, CP, The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota, 1983

How to Interpret the Bible, Fergus Cleary SJ, Ligouri Publications, Missouri, 1981

In Defence of the Faith, Dave Hunt, Harvest House, Eugene Oregon, 1996

Inspiration in the Bible, Fr Karl Rahner, Herder and Herder, New York, 1966

It Ain’t Necessarily So, Investigating the Truth of the Biblical Past, Matthew Sturgis, Headline Books, London, 2001

Jehovah of the Watch-tower, Walter Martin and Norman Klann, Bethany House Publishers, Minnesota, 1974

Let’s Weigh the Evidence, Which Bible is the Real Word of God? Barry Burton, Chick Publications, Chino, California, 1983

Know What You Believe, Paul E Little, Scripture Union, London, 1973

Know Why You Believe, Paul E Little, Scripture Union, London, 1971

New Age Bible Versions, GA Riplinger, Bible & Literature Foundation, Tennessee, 1993

New Evangelicalism An Enemy of Fundamentalism, Curtis Hutson, Sword of the Lord, Murfreesboro, 1984

None of These Diseases, SI McMillen MD, Lakeland, London 1966

Our Perfect Book the Bible, John R Rice, Sword of the Lord, Murfreesboro, 1958

Proof the Bible is True, Rev JMA Willans BD, Dip.Theol. Vermont Press, Larne, 1982

Radio Replies Vol 3, Radio Replies Press, Minnesota, 1942

Reason and Belief, Bland Blanschard, London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1974

Remarks on the New King James Version and Revised Authorised Version, DK Madden, 35 Regent Street, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, 7005, 1991

Return to Sodom and Gomorrah, Charles Pellegrino, The Softback Preview, New York, 1995

Science and the Bible, Henry Morris, Moody Press, Bucks, 1988

Science Held Hostage What’s Wrong With Creation Science and Evolutionism, Howard J Van Till/Davis A.Young/Clarence Menninga, IVP, Downer’s Grove, Illinois, 1988

Science Speaks, Peter W Stoner and Robert C Newman, Moody Press, Chicago, 1976

Set My Exiles Free, John Power, Logos Books, MH Gill & Son Ltd, Dublin, 1967

Testament, The Bible and History, John Romer, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1988

The Authority of the Bible, Ambassador College, Pasadena, California, 1980

The Bible Fact or Fantasy, John Drane, Lion, Oxford, 1989

The Bible is the Word of God, Jimmy Thomas, Guardian of Truth, Kentucky

The Bible or Evolution? William Jennings Bryan, Sword of the Lord, Murfreesboro, Tennessee

The Bible, Questions People Ask, A Redemptorist Pastoral Publication, Liguori Publications, Missouri, 1980

The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, Touchstone Books, New York, 2002

The Canon of Scripture, FF Bruce, Chapter House, Glasgow, 1988

The Church of Rome and the Word of God, Rev Eric C Last, Protestant Truth Society, London, Undated

The Early Church, Henry Chadwick, Pelican, Middlesex, 1987

The History of Christianity, Lion, Herts, 1982

The King James Version Defended, Edward F Hills, The Christian Research Press, Iowa, 1973

The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Edited by Raymond E Brown, Joseph A Fitzmyer, Roland E Murphy, Geoffrey Chapman, New York 1990

The Theology of Inspiration, John Scullion SJ, Mercier, Cork, 1970

The Unauthorised Version, Robin Lane Fox, Penguin, Middlesex, 1992

Verbal Inspiration of the Bible, John R Rice Sword of the Lord, Murfreesboro, 1943

What is the Bible? Henri Daniel-Rops, Angelus Books, Guild Press, New York, 1958

Which Version Now? Bob Sheehan, Carey Publications, 5 Fairford Close, Haywards Heath, Sussex RH16 3EF

Who is a Fundamentalist? Dr Curtis Hutson, Sword of the Lord, Murfreesboro, 1982

Why Does God..? Domenico Grasso SJ, St Pauls , Bucks, 1970

Why People Believe Weird Things, Michael Shermer, Freeman, New York, 1997

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